who owns the guardian media group

[223] An Android app followed in 2011. [135] Ecuador's London consul Fidel Narvez, who had worked at Ecuador's embassy in London from 2010 to July 2018, denied that Manafort's visits had happened. Read more about the history of the Observer. The Manchester Guardian was renamed the Guardian in 1959. "[30] The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators, stating that "if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. [158] The newspaper is rare in calling for direct contributions "to deliver the independent journalism the world needs. Nonprofit", "Can We Measure Media Impact? Ad-Free Sign up [89] The newspaper played a pivotal role in exposing the depth of the News of the World phone hacking affair. The paper is part of the Guardian Media Group of newspapers, radio stations, and new media including The Observer Sunday newspaper and the Manchester Evening News. [101], In August 2004, for the US presidential election, the daily G2 supplement launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in Clark County, Ohio, an average-sized county in a swing state. The paper reported thousands of calls and emails complaining about its loss; within 24 hours the decision was reversed and the strip was reinstated the following week. [239] In 2008, photojournalist Sean Smith's Inside the Surge won the Royal Television Society award for best international news film the first time a newspaper has won such an award. Country: United Kingdom Guardian Media Group is owned by the Scott Trust, a charitable foundation which aims to ensure the newspaper's editorial independence in perpetuity, maintaining its financial health to ensure it does not become vulnerable to takeover by for-profit media groups, and the serious compromise of editorial independence that this often brings. [311] Now known as The Guardian News & Media archive, the archive preserves and promotes the histories and values of The Guardian and The Observer newspapers by collecting and making accessible material that provides an accurate and comprehensive history of the papers. [105], In 2007, the paper launched Guardian America, an attempt to capitalise on its large online readership in the United States, which at the time stood at more than 5.9 million. [154], In June 2011 Guardian News and Media revealed increased annual losses of 33 million and announced that it was looking to focus on its online edition for news coverage, leaving the print edition to contain more comments and features. [90], In recent decades, The Guardian has been accused of biased criticism of Israeli government policy[91] and of bias against the Palestinians. [161][162], To be sustainable, the annual subsidy must fall within the 25m of interest returned on the investments from the Scott Trust Endowment Fund. GMGs business conduct is guided by the Scott Trust values, and GMG is currently chaired by Neil Berkett. [164] The scheme aims to reduce the financial losses incurred by The Guardian without introducing a paywall, thus maintaining open access to the website. [22] They comprise: Guardian Media Group exists to support the core purpose of its owner, Scott Trust Limited: to secure the financial and editorial independence of The Guardian in perpetuity,[23] but in the 2011/12 year the group lost 75.6 million,[24] and for the three years up to June 2012, the paper itself lost 100,000 a day - leading Intelligent Life magazine to question whether The Guardian can survive. [18] In June 2013, The Guardian broke news of the secret collection by the Obama administration of Verizon telephone records,[19] and subsequently revealed the existence of the surveillance program PRISM after knowledge of it was leaked to the paper by the whistleblower and former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden. Traffic/Popularity: HighTraffic [29] The Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labour's claims. Despite the critical position of the paper in general, The Guardian endorsed the Labour Party whilst Corbyn was its leader in the 2017[192] and 2019 general elections although in both cases they endorsed a vote for opposition parties other than Labour, such as the Liberal Democrats and the Scottish National Party in seats where Labour did not stand a chance. [198] Circulation has continued to decline and stood at 161,091 in December 2016, a decline of 2.98 per cent year-on-year. Annette Thomas is chief executive officer of Guardian Media Group, the parent company of The Guardian and The Observer. This allows external developers to easily use Guardian content in external applications, and even to feed third-party content back into the Guardian network. The Guardian is owned by The Scott Trust, whose core purpose is to ensure the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian in perpetuity. You can view the Guardian U.S. editorial team, The Guardian and its sister publication, the Sunday newspaper. ", "Obama administration defends massive phone record collection", "Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations", "Guardian wins newspaper and website of the year at British press awards", "Battle for the memory of Peterloo: Campaigners demand fitting tribute", "The Manchester Guardian, born 5 May 1821: 190 years work in progress", "The Manchester guardian and British volunteer JH Libraries", "The cruelty and injustice of negro slavery: From The Guardian archive, 15 Nov 1823", "15 June 1833: Striking off the fetters from the limbs of the slave", "From the archive, 24 March 1841: Editorial: Anti-free trade", "From The Guardian archive: On slavery and civil war", "Lincoln opposes abolition of slavery: From the Observer archive, 17 December 1860", "From the archive, 13 May 1861: America and direct trade with England", "Lincoln, evil? MBFC Credibility Rating: MEDIUM CREDIBILITY. It's inspiring", "The Guardian Sets Up a Nonprofit to Support Its Journalism", "Could The Guardian's quest for philanthropic support squeeze out other news nonprofits? "more or less everything the liberal left holds dear is not only an inversion of the truth, but constitutes a suicidal undermining of western civilisation. The Economist's Intelligent Life magazine opined that: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, As Watergate is to the Washington Post, and thalidomide to the Sunday Times, so phone-hacking will surely be to The Guardian: a defining moment in its history. Taylor's nephew Charles Prestwich Scott (CP Scott) was the first editor and later became the paper owner (1846 -1932). [32] It welcomed the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 and accepted the "increased compensation" to the planters as the "guilt of slavery attaches far more to the nation" rather than individuals. [107], In October 2009, the company abandoned the Guardian America homepage, instead directing users to a US news index page on the main Guardian website. [222], The Guardian launched an iOS mobile application for its content in 2009. The Guardian stated that "the only honourable course for Europe and America is to use military force". We regularly serve around one billion page views a month and two thirds of our digital traffic comes from outside of the UK, with large digital audiences in the US, Australia, Europe and the rest of the world. [79] Mary Kaldor's piece was headlined "Bombs away! The group is wholly owned by Scott Trust Limited, which exists to secure the financial and editorial independence of The Guardian in perpetuity. [40] On 10 October 1862, it wrote: "It is impossible to cast any reflections upon a man so evidently sincere and well-intentioned as Mr Lincoln but it is also impossible not to feel that it was an evil day both for America and the world, when he was chosen President of the United States". [41] By then, the Union blockade was causing suffering in British towns. Similarly, Is The Guardian newspaper owned by Murdoch? The Guardians values of honesty, integrity, courage, fairness, and a sense of duty to the reader and the community were outlined by its owner and editor of more than 50 years, CP Scott, in his centenary editorial on 5 May 1921. The Guardian asked Aslam to resign his membership of the group and, when he did not do so, terminated his employment. It was critical of Lincoln's emancipation proclamation for stopping short of a full repudiation of slavery throughout the US. In March 2007, GMG sold 49.9% of Trader Media Group to Apax Partners, in a deal that valued Trader Media Group at 1.35 billion. It safeguards our journalistic. [129] Julian Assange criticised the newspaper for not publishing the entirety of the content when it had the chance. [238], GuardianFilms has received several broadcasting awards. [125], The newspaper was subsequently contacted by the British government's Cabinet Secretary, Sir Jeremy Heywood, under instruction from Prime Minister David Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, who ordered that the hard drives containing the information be destroyed. The sale eroded the connection between The Guardian and Manchester as the sale of the Manchester Evening News was included in the package. Then-editor A. P. Wadsworth wrote: "It is not a thing I like myself, but it seems to be accepted by all the newspaper pundits that it is preferable to be in fashion. Some including Liverpool supported the Confederacy as did "current opinion in all classes" in London. Is the Guardian newspaper a tabloid? - IronSet May 06, 2021, 09:00 ET. In 1993 the Guardian Media Group acquired the Observer. In 2016, The Guardian began awarding an annual Footballer of the Year award, given to a footballer regardless of gender "who has done something truly remarkable, whether by overcoming adversity, helping others or setting a sporting example by acting with exceptional honesty."[305]. Guardian Media Group PLC - Company Profile and News [69], In 1994, KGB defector Oleg Gordievsky identified Guardian literary editor Richard Gott as "an agent of influence". The Newsroom's other components were also transferred to Kings Place in 2008. Gal Barak September 20, 2022 The Guardian was founded in 1821 in response to the Peterloo Massacrea peaceful protest for suffrage rights that tragically escalated into violence. [213][215] The paper and ink are the same as previously and the font size is fractionally larger. The centre preserved and promoted the histories and values of the newspapers through its archive, educational programmes and exhibitions. He was also a Liberal Member of Parliament. [47] It has been argued that Scott's criticism reflected a widespread disdain, at the time, for those women who "transgressed the gender expectations of Edwardian society". G2 supplement editor Ian Katz, who was responsible for dropping it, apologised in the editors' blog saying, "I'm sorry, once again, that I made youand the hundreds of fellow fans who have called our helpline or mailed our comments' addressso cross. [108] The following month, the company laid off six American employees, including a reporter, a multimedia producer and four web editors. About Us - The Guardian The Observer newspaper joined the Guardian Media Group in 1993, ensuring that the oldest Sunday newspaper in the world has continued its long-standing tradition of liberal politics and independent journalism. Guardian News & Media (GNM) is one of the worlds leading news media organisations, creating honest, fearless journalism free from commercial or political interference since our foundation in 1821. Therefore, the newspaper asked "Why should the South be prevented from freeing itself from slavery? [26] In 2014, The Guardian launched a membership scheme, aiming to avoid introducing a paywall and maintaining open access to the website. Right Bias: How we rate the bias of media sources. [230] On 1 July 2020, Guardian Soulmates was closed down with the explanation: "It hasnt been an easy decision to make, but the online dating world is a very different place to when we first launched online in July 2004. GMG board. [312] This material may be consulted by members of the public by prior appointment. Viner wanted renewed investment after better than feared financial results in 2020. We have editions of the website in the USA (Guardian America) and Australia (Guardian Australia). Science & Health Journalist of the Year (Sarah Boseley, 2016); Business & Finance Journalist of the Year (Ian Griffiths, 2005; Sports Reporter of the Year (David Lacey, 2002); Sports Photographer of the Year (Tom Jenkins, 2003, 2005, 2006. [115] The newspaper noted that it was being "forbidden from telling its readers why the paper is preventedfor the first time in memoryfrom reporting parliament. [134] One reporter characterized the story, "If it's right, it might be the biggest get this year. It had supported other independence movements and felt it should also support the rights of the Confederacy to self-determination. According to the newspaper, it did not know that Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir when he applied to become a trainee, though several staff members were informed of this once he started at the paper. Overall, we rate The Guardian Left-Center biased based on story selection that moderately favors the left and Mixed for factual reporting due to numerous failed fact checks over the last five years. She also said that "you can be absolutely certain that come the next general election, The Guardian's stance will not be dictated by the editor, still less any foreign proprietor (it helps that there isn't one) but will be the result of vigorous debate within the paper". Since an editorial in 2000, The Guardian has favoured abolition of the British monarchy. [126] The Guardian's offices were then visited in July by agents from the UK's GCHQ, who supervised the destruction of the hard drives containing information acquired from Snowden. Designed by Mark Porter, the new look includes a new masthead for the newspaper, its first since 1988. It's just our shape that's changing", "Three months on, the tabloid Guardian is still evolving", "We've got The Guardian masthead blues and we're overjoyed | Letters", "Guardian.co.uk most read newspaper site in UK in March", "MailOnline overtakes Huffington Post to become world's no 2", "Ophan: Key metrics informing editorial at The Guardian", "Average daily audience of online newspaper brands in the United Kingdom (UK) in July 2021", "The Guardian Launches a Powerful, Free Android App", "Guardian launches digital redesign to coincide with launch of new Guardian tabloid newspaper", "#Thinkfluencer episode 1: Selfies video | Technology", "Online Dating Site UK | Guardian Soulmates", "Comedy stars and radio DJs top the download charts", "Today in Focus: The Guardian's daily news podcast", "Top 100 UK Podcasts (Apple Podcasts Top Charts)", "On the frontline with British troops in Afghanistan", "Guardian film-maker wins Royal Television Society award | Media", "British Press Awards: Awards Ceremony 23rd March 2010: 2010 Winners Announced", "Press Awards 2011: Guardian wins Newspaper of the Year", "Is The Guardian in line for a Pulitzer? [72] The court case proceeded, and in 1997 The Guardian produced evidence that Aitken's claim of his wife paying for the hotel stay was untrue. [7][175] The paper's readership is generally on the mainstream left of British political opinion: a MORI poll taken between April and June 2000 showed that 80 per cent of Guardian readers were Labour Party voters;[12] according to another MORI poll taken in 2005, 48 per cent of Guardian readers were Labour voters and 34 per cent Liberal Democrat voters. All rights reserved. With just over 200 fonts, it was described as "one of the most ambitious custom type programs ever commissioned by a newspaper". Now it's Hamas' turn." About Guardian Media Group. [246] The newspaper was printed in Manchester until 1961 and the fact that the prints sent to London by train were the early, more error-prone, prints may have contributed to this image as well. And the Financial Times is owned by Japanese media firm Nikkei , after being sold by UK publishing group Pearson in 2015. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Ad-Free Login The spoof column purported to be excerpts from a chatroom on permachat.co.uk, a real URL that pointed to The Guardian's talkboards. [10], In January 2014, GMG disposed of its remaining interest in Trader Media Group. Available solely in an online format, the newspaper's launch was led by Katharine Viner in time for the 2013 Australian federal election and followed the introduction of Guardian US in 2011. [163], In 2014, The Guardian launched a membership scheme. The Scott Trust, named after our longest serving editor, CP . 915 children admitted with malnutrition in Cambridge hospitals between 2015 and 2020. The paper's readership is generally on the mainstream left of British political opinion,[12][13] and the term "Guardian reader" is used to imply a stereotype of liberal, left-wing or "politically correct" views. The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group (GMG) of newspapers, radio stations and print media. In 2015, TMG made an operating profit of 51 million. Manafort and Assange both denied ever having met with the latter threatening legal action against The Guardian. [208] This switch was necessary because, before The Guardian's move, no printing presses in Britain could produce newspapers in the Berliner format. Is the Guardian Weekly free? - AdvertisingRow.com Website readers can pay a monthly subscription, with three tiers available. It was founded in 1821 as The Manchester Guardian, and changed its name in 1959. [239][242], The paper's nickname The Grauniad (sometimes abbreviated as "Graun") originated with the satirical magazine Private Eye. [243] This anagram played on The Guardian's early reputation for frequent typographical errors, including misspelling its own name as The Gaurdian. [40], According to Martin Kettle, writing for The Guardian in February 2011, "The Guardian had always hated slavery. [219] In April 2011, MediaWeek reported that The Guardian was the fifth most popular newspaper site in the world. [171], As of March 2020, the journal claims to be "the first major global news organisation to institute an outright ban on taking money from companies that extract fossil fuels."[172]. Trump back-pedals on Russian meddling remarks after an outcry. New legislation introduced to change laws on workplace rights. The justice budget has fallen by 40% since 2010. The Newsroom's activities were all transferred to Kings Place in 2008. [133] The name of a third author, Fernando Villavicencio, was removed from the online version of the story soon after publication. Under Rusbridger, the paper expanded into the U.S. and became one of the . [21], The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle, a group of non-conformist businessmen. [249][251] It was also co-winner of the World's Best-designed Newspaper as awarded by the Society for News Design (2005, 2007, 2013, 2014). [167] The grants are focused by the donors on particular issues. They also have an Australia Edition (Launched in 2013, digital edition) and an International edition. Success of the Act would encourage emancipation in other slave-owning nations to avoid "imminent risk of a violent and bloody termination. Guardian Media Group | Media | The Guardian The only controversy was over the dropping of the Doonesbury cartoon strip. Guardian News & Media was formed as Guardian Newspapers Limited in 1967, adopting its present name in 2006. In 2017 the Scott Trust established theguardian.org, a non-profit organisation that raises funds from groups and private donors in support of independent journalism and journalistic projects at the Guardian. For the American media company, Guardian Enterprise Group, see, UK national newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals, "Annual Report and Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended 28 March 2021", "Guardian Media Group plc (GMG) publishes 2021/22 statutory financial results", "New Guardian Monthly mag to be launched", "Manchester Evening News sold by Guardian Media Group", "Guardian Media Group to divest holding in Trader Media", "Guardian group chief executive Carolyn McCall to join easyJet", "Guardian Media Group appoints David Pemsel as chief executive", "The Guardian turns venture capitalist in hunt for new income", "Guardian Media Group appoints new chief executive", "Guardian group names scientist Annette Thomas as new chief executive", "Guardian leaders clash over 'who calls the shots', "Chief executive Annette Thomas to leave Guardian Media Group", "Guardian boss steps down in wake of power struggle", "Guardian Media Group appoints Anna Bateson as chief executive", "Guardian shuts offices after ransomware attack", "Our investments | Guardian Media Group PLC", "Guardian Media Group plc (GMG) announces full-year results for 2011/2012", "Private equity backing for 17.8m buyout of GMG group", "The Guardian's reader funding model is working. [88] Internal documents relating to Barclays Bank's tax avoidance were removed from The Guardian website after Barclays obtained a gagging order. David Pemsel took his place in 2015. The only fact The Guardian can report is that the case involves the London solicitors Carter-Ruck." The Company offers newspaper, advertising, sponsored content, and syndication services, as well as provides online . [38] On 13 May 1861, shortly after the start of the American Civil War, the Manchester Guardian portrayed the Northern states as primarily imposing a burdensome trade monopoly on the Confederate States, arguing that if the South was freed to have direct trade with Europe, "the day would not be distant when slavery itself would cease". The title of the story was originally 'Manafort held secret talks with Assange in Ecuadorian embassy'. Taylor, Geoffrey (11 April 1988) "Bowled over by treasures at the bottom of the zinc"; Geoffrey Taylor, "Nesta Roberts: The first woman to run the news desk on a national newspaper", Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd abc.org.uk, This article refers to the paper by the facetious name ", American Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Pulitzer Prize for public service reporting, The 100 Best Female Footballers In The World, "The Guardian, Britain's Left-Wing News Power, Goes Tabloid", "How left or right-wing are the UKs newspapers? "[138] The Guardian later amended its article about Assange. [3], Although the paper is often considered to be "linked inextricably" to the Labour Party,[175] three of The Guardian's four leader writers joined the more centrist Social Democratic Party on its foundation in 1981. [28], The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called The Manchester Guardian "the foul prostitute and dirty parasite of the worst portion of the mill-owners". [11], Carolyn McCall was the chief executive of Guardian Media Group and chair of Guardian News and Media Limited from 2006 until June 2010, when she was appointed chief executive of EasyJet. "[55][56], On 24 August 1959, The Manchester Guardian changed its name to The Guardian. And it chastised the president for being so willing to negotiate with the south, with slavery one of the issues still on the table". Guardian Media Group plc (GMG) is a British media conglomerate that owns The Guardian and The Observer, among other publications. The Guardian Weekly was also linked to a website for expatriates, Guardian Abroad, which was launched in 2007 but had been taken offline by 2012. This programme often draws on the archive collections held in the GNM Archive. We also publish Guardian Weekly, a digest of the best of the Guardian and Observer plus selected coverage from the Washington Post and Le Monde, which is available around the world. All plans give access to our growing exclusive content! [185] At the 2015 election, the paper switched its support to the Labour Party. was created in 1936 to ensure the editorial independence of the publications and owns Guardian Media Group plc (GMG). This innovation was widely copied by the other "quality" broadsheets and ultimately led to the rise of "compact" papers and The Guardian's move to the Berliner format. "[83] Following the 7 July 2005 London bombings, The Guardian published an article on its comment pages by Dilpazier Aslam, a 27-year-old British Muslim and journalism trainee from Yorkshire. Funding. [9] The division's local television station for Greater Manchester, Channel M, and two newspapers in Woking were not included in the sale. [168], The new project developed from funding relationships which the paper already had with the Ford, Rockefeller, and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. It was also reported to be the most-read of the UK's "quality newsbrands", including digital editions; other "quality" brands included The Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Independent, and the i. . It was also speculated that The Guardian might become the first British national daily paper to be fully online. [6] Issues contained interviews with cultural figures, features about world issues, and regular articles on travel, books, sport, health, fashion, food and photography. [52], The paper's then editor, A. P. Wadsworth, so loathed Labour's left-wing champion Aneurin Bevan, who had made a reference to getting rid of "Tory Vermin" in a speech "and the hate-gospellers of his entourage" that it encouraged readers to vote Conservative in the 1951 general election and remove Clement Attlee's post-war Labour government. The archive holds official records of The Guardian and The Observer, and also seeks to acquire material from individuals who have been associated with the papers. [117][118] The part of the question referencing Carter-Ruck relates to the latter company's September 2009 gagging order on the publication of a 2006 internal report[119] into the 2006 Cte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump scandal, which involved a class action case that the company only settled in September 2009 after The Guardian published some of the commodity trader's internal emails. The Guardian is owned by Guardian Media Group, which has only one shareholder - the Scott Trust. The Guardian and its parent groups participate in Project Syndicate and intervened in 1995 to save the Mail & Guardian in South Africa; GMG sold the majority of its shares of the Mail & Guardian in 2002.[151]. The investment was rewarded with a circulation rise. [234], The Guardian now offers several regular podcasts made by its journalists. morning, Available for everyone, funded by readers. [146] The print edition also continued to be produced. [42], The newspaper reported the shock to the community of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865, concluding that "[t]he parting of his family with the dying President is too sad for description",[43] but in what from today's perspective looks an ill-judged editorial wrote that "[o]f his rule we can never speak except as a series of acts abhorrent to every true notion of constitutional right and human liberty", adding "it is doubtless to be regretted that he had not the opportunity of vindicating his good intentions". ", World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers, "British Press Awards: The full list of winners", "Guardian wins Scoop of the Year at Press awards", "Visiting Time - Context - The Author: Emma Brockes", "NCTJ alumnus crowned young journalist of the year at Press Awards", National Council for the Training of Journalists, "British Press Awards 2009: The full list of winners", "Guardian reporter wins Business and Financial reporter of the year at 2014 Press Awards", "Decca Aitkenhead, the Monday interviewer for G2, The Guardian", "David Lacey named Sports Reporter of the Year", "The Tom Jenkins Collection - Archives Hub", "Tom Jenkins: Picture Editors' Guild Sports Photographer of the Year in pictures", "Guardian wins Website of The Year Award", "Guardian wins 'News Website of the Year' at 2020 newsawards", "Top prize-giver snubs online journalism | Media news", "British Press Awards 2009: full list of winners", "Editing the Weekend magazine: 'It's about warmth, fun, and surprise as well as the serious stuff', "Guardian reporter Ian Cobain wins Martha Gellhorn journalism prize", "The Guardian wins seven Sports Journalists' Association awards", "2013 British Sports Journalism Awards Sports Journalists' Association", "Double honours for Daniel Taylor as The Guardian wins four SJA awards", "Donald McRae named Interviewer of the Year at SJA sports awards", "Success for Guardian writers at Sports Journalists' Association awards", "The Guardian's Donald McRae and Daniel Taylor win major SJA awards again", "2016 BRITISH SPORTS JOURNALISM AWARDS Sports Journalists' Association", "The Guardian wins seven SJA awards with double honours for Daniel Taylor", "2017 British Sports Journalism Awards Sports Journalists' Association", "2014 British Sports Journalism Awards Sports Journalists' Association", "2015 BRITISH SPORTS JOURNALISM AWARDS Sports Journalists' Association", "Openness & Accountability: A Study of Transparency in Global Media Outlets", "2014 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists", "The Paul Foot award for Campaigning Journalism 2007", "The 100 best footballers in the world 2017", "The Guardian's inaugural Footballer of the Year: Cagliari's Fabio Pisacane", "Guardian 100 Greatest Non-Fiction Book awards", "Comment, opinion and discussion from The Guardian US", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Guardian&oldid=1142671847, Served jointly with Russell Scott Taylor from 1847 to 1848.

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