chest x ray pa and lateral cpt code 2021

Side marker placement is imperative; patients can have congenital conditions that mimic a mirrored image 2. The chest x-ray is the most frequently requested radiologic examination. [3] If there are old films available you should hang these adjacent. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. 0000004733 00000 n 17 0 obj <> endobj WebThe 2 view chest x-ray would be reported with code 71046, and the abdomen x-ray would be reported with code 74019 or 74021 depending on the number of views. Suspected PE, Pneumonia, CHF, pleural effusion, pneumothorax 6. WebWhat is the CPT code for posteroanterior and lateral chest x-ray? 71020 , 74150-26 Correct Answer : b. The most common modifiers in radiology billing are 26, TC, 76, 77, 50, LT, RT, and 59. The chest x-ray is the most common radiological investigation in the emergency department 1. I would like to pass this information on to Read a CPT Assistant article by subscribing to. An X-ray is an imaging test that uses small amounts of radiation to produce pictures of the organs, tissues, and bones of the body. The patients body should be aligned to center the long axis of the sternum on the midline of the grid. However, if the radiologist knew the patient was coming for the procedure on that date of service, then the evaluation and management (E/M) will be considered part of the global package for the procedure. Your bones appear white because they are very dense. A normal chest x-ray will consist of both posteroanterior (PA) and lateral films which are read together. CPT Codes: 71250, 71260, 71270 Chest CT CPT codes Code Description 71250 Chest CT without contrast 71260 Chest CT with contrast 71270 Chest CT without contrast, followed by re-imaging with contrast ICD-10 Diagnoses Codes WebAppt Reason CPT Code CPT Code XR Abdomen Flat & Decubitus (3 Views) 74021 (2 Views PA and Lat) 74019 XR Abdomen Flat & Upright & PA Chest 74019 71045 XR Abdomen-KUB (1 View) 74019 XR Acromioclavicular Jnt Uni or Bilateral 73050 XR Ankle 2 Views Uni or Bilateral 73600 XR Ankle 3 Views Uni or Bilateral 73610 XR Bone Age Study Weblateral , and sunrise none kub kub n/a 74018 kidneys, ureters, and bladder none lumbar spine 4-5 views lumbar spine or lumbosacral lsp 72110 ap, both obliques, lateral, and l5-s1 spot It's always nice to know you're not totally off track when you're trying to figure out something new. Appointment Center 24/7 216.445.7050. 0000015332 00000 n In general, categories in this chapter include the less well-defined conditions and symptoms that, without the necessary study of the case to establish a final diagnosis, point perhaps equally to two or more diseases or to two or more systems of the body. R91.8 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. Insignificant problems may be addressed as part of a preventive visit. Structures that can appear different on expiration include: Rotation of a chest radiograph can simulate common pathological processes and make it hard to produce an appropriate diagnosis. WebNormally accepted indications for a chest x-ray are: 1. hb``c``f P#0p4 A1c, C9&1F1FYFN~C8O0*2q0[T=[MHMzu/6. Align them so they are viewed as if the patient were standing in front of you, so their right side would be facing your left. Saunders. (For information about other Medicare-covered screening services, go to http://www.medicare.gov/health/overview.asp. 0000007867 00000 n What is a chest X-ray? Since the screening services do overlap with some of the preventive services though, the amount allowed by Medicare for the screening should be deducted from the amount billed to the patient for the other preventive services. Understandings Basics and How To Read Chest XrayOn all Chest Xray Check the following: Patient details: First name, surname, date of birth.Position of the Patient. Side of the Xray. Bony Configuration. The position of Trachea. Outline of Diaphragm. Heart Size. Outline of the Mediastinum. Borders of the Heart. Lung Fields and Fissures of Lung. WebThe following codes are included below for informational purposes only; this is not an all-inclusive list. (b) When some circumstance or problem is present which influences the person's health status but is not in itself a current illness or injury. What CPT and ICD-10-CM codes are reported? In cases of doubt, a chest CT can be done which will be definitive. Review of safety issues, the need for screening tests and discussions about the status of previously diagnosed stable conditions are also considered part of the comprehensive preventive medicine service. For FREE Trial. View the CPT code's corresponding procedural code and DRG. 59, distinct procedural service: Ever since the 2005 Office of Inspector General (OIG) Work Plan noted prevalent error rates for modifier 59, it has been monitored closely. Look in the CPT Index for X-ray/Chest directing you to 71010-71035, and CT Scan/without Contrast/Abdomen directing you to 74150, 74176, and 74178. Healthcare providers use chest X-rays to diagnose or treat conditions like pneumonia, emphysema or COPD. Your heart also appears as a lighter area. Although the patient has concerns about her current method of birth control, the associated counseling and change in medication is considered part of the preventive medicine service for her age group, so you should submit 99395, Periodic comprehensive preventive medicine , established patient; 18-39 years, and ICD-9 code V72.3, Gynecological examination., When a patient comes into the office for a routine preventive examination and also has significant new complaints (e.g., chest pain or irregular bleeding) and, in some instances, a new or established chronic condition (e.g., hypertension or type-II diabetes), the visit becomes a combination of preventive and problem-oriented care. Or you could have the patient return for another visit to address the management of the problem or the preventive care. 0000019135 00000 n While there was a complete overhaul of the 2018 abdomen and chest x-ray codes, it certainly seems to have been for the better. WebFigures 9.1 Chest x-ray, PA, Line drawing #FOAMed Medical Education Resources by LITFL is licensed under a CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 License. These visits can also include additional services, such as vaccinations, screening laboratory services, counseling and even management of medical problems. (See the example of a preventive counseling visit.). chest/rib xray question The answer for your question is: 71110-Ribs Bilateral, 3 views 71020-PA & Lateral Chest x-ray You can code 71111 only if One view of chest x- Pulmonary embolism (PE) Lung Cancer Screening. endstream endobj startxref 0000139851 00000 n 31000"]The answer for your question is: 71110-Ribs Bilateral, 3 views 71020-PA & Lateral Chest x-ray You can code 71111 only if One view of chest x- Ray T [ Read More ] chest/rib xray question - Radiology board The interpretation of a chest film requires the understanding of basic principles. Z13.83 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. 0000001940 00000 n The preventive-visit examination is multisystem, but the precise content and extent of the exam is based on the patients age, gender and identified risk factors. Hi everyone. WebOn the PA view, the cardiac borders are smaller and more defined. 1 reason is selecting the wrong code or incorrect documentation.). In this case, modifier 25 would not be appropriate, and the E/M would not be chargeable at this visit. %PDF-1.4 % 2023 ICD-10-PCS Procedure Code BW03ZZZ Plain Radiography of Chest 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Billable/Specific Code ICD-10-PCS BW03ZZZ is a specific/billable code that can be used to indicate a procedure. The 2023 edition of ICD-10-CM R07.9 became effective on October 1, 2022. Also, [I]Clinical Examples in Radiolog CPT code 71101 states in the coding book that it is for unilateral rib 2 views including posteroanterior chest, minimum of 3 views. Unless significant work is required to assess this complaint, writing the prescription is included in the preventive medicine services code submitted for the visit. Find out how to properly code and bill for the preventive services you provide. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. IMG 238. The following is a brief explanation regarding each modifier: Preventive care is a cornerstone of family medicine. Signs and symptoms that point rather definitely to a given diagnosis have been assigned to a category in other chapters of the classification. As such, it is important to research all potential modifiers available prior to selecting modifier 59. An established patient is seen in the clinic office complaining of severe headaches. A chest x-ray is a diagnostic test in which the images of heart, blood vessels, lungs, bones and airways are obtained. Otherwise, you are shortchanging yourself in terms of the work RVUs for these services, among other things. Other V codes commonly used for preventive services include V72.3 for reporting a gynecological examination performed in conjunction with a preventive service, V20.2 for a routine infant or child health check and V73.0-V82.9 for any special screening examinations (e.g., for colorectal cancer or lipid disorders). @$kcg`4> X The comprehensive history and examination performed during a preventive medicine encounter are not the same as the comprehensive history and exam that are required for certain problem-oriented E/M codes (99201-99350) and defined in Medicares Documentation Guidelines for Evaluation & Management Services. (See the examples of preventive services for Medicare patients and Medicares covered preventive services for a list of covered services.). WebCPT CODE EXAM DESCRIPTION # VIEWS COMMON WRITTEN ORDER EXAMPLES 77075 Bone Survey Adult 19 X-ray Bone Survey, Bone study, METS study 77076 Bone Survey At the time the article was created Andrew Murphy had no recorded disclosures. WebWhen charging for only a portion of a service, a modifier must be appended to the code on the CMS-1500 form to indicate a reduction in reimbursement is owed to the service provider. Then you send the Pap smear to an outside laboratory that will bill the test directly to the payer. Note that counseling provided to patients with diagnosed conditions or signs and symptoms should be reported with the problem-oriented E/M service codes instead. Not only diagnosis, chest x-rays also evaluate if the treatment is working or not. The PA view is used to investigate a plethora of conditions and it is the radiographer's responsibility to ensure high-quality diagnostic images are achieved consistently. but can someone please explain to me what i'm looking for in a radiology report for these two Hi, You should submit the following codes (and related charges) to Medicare: G0101 for the pelvic exam and clinical breast check, Q0091 for the collection of the Pap smear specimen and V76.2, Special screening for malignant neoplasms; cervix; and the following codes (and related charges) to the patient: 99397, Periodic comprehensive preventive medicine established patient, 65 years and over, and V72.3, Special investigations and examinations; gynecological examination. The total amount billed and received for this visit should equal your usual charge for an annual exam of $100. We have been billing 71100 - rib unilateral 2 views & 71046 - 2 views of the chest. Structures that block radiation appear white, and structures that let radiation through appear black. 0000137861 00000 n While some payers will reimburse the full allowable amount for both the problem-oriented E/M code and the preventive medicine services code, some will assess a co-pay for each service, some will carve out the reimbursement for the problem-oriented E/M service from the payment for the preventive exam (which results in a total charge that does not exceed that of a comprehensive preventive examination alone), and some will simply deny the claim on the basis that they do not accept coding for both a preventive and problem-oriented service on the same date regardless of the amount of the charge because, they say, youre billing twice for the portions of the preventive and problem-oriented services that overlap. Copyright 2004 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. WebA chest PA Lateral X-ray is a radiograph of the thoracic cavity, ordered to examine the lungs, chest cavity and its divisions (such as the mediastinum cavity) as well as the great vessels of the heart. 375 52 This is a synonym for spot or random as applied to urine measurements. The ICD-9 codes associated with preventive services are found in the V codes, which describe the reasons for health care encounters other than disease or injury. Preventive medicine coding varies based on the type of visit a standard preventive E/M visit, a preventive E/M visit with a problem-oriented service, a preventive visit for a Medicare patient and a preventive counseling visit. 0000091274 00000 n 2. 0000053848 00000 n Search across Medicare Manuals, Transmittals, and more. A corresponding procedure code must accompany a Z code if a procedure is performed. endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 63 0 obj <>stream Usually, you will know the results of your X-ray within one to two days. You also counsel the patient about diet, exercise, substance abuse and sexual activity. These modifiers yield a partial reimbursement. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Web99213, 70460. Code History 2016 (effective 10/1/2015): New code (first year of non-draft ICD-10-PCS) 2017 (effective 10/1/2016): No Given the way the x-ray beam works, the heart appears smaller and with sharper borders on the PA view. If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the. 0000047052 00000 n Its also important to link each ICD-9 code to the applicable CPT code on the claim form, especially when preventive and problem-oriented services are provided at the same visit. Certain diseases can cause changes in the structure of the heart or lungs. It has been a few years since I worked in a Radiology department but I did, Ann, thanks so much for the summary, it's very helpful! 0000015908 00000 n Remember to explain to your patient what you are about to do; that is ask them to take a breath in and hold it. My provider performed X-ray 3 views of ribs along with chest PA and lateral view. Web2023 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code R91 Abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging of lung 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code R91 should not be used for reimbursement purposes as there are multiple codes below it that contain a greater level of detail. For example, issues related to contraception are discussed with women of child-bearing age, and anticipatory guidance is given to parents of pediatric patients. The most common modifiers in radiology billing are 26, TC, 76, 77, 50, LT, RT, and 59. This content is owned by the AAFP. 0000009758 00000 n hb``0```a Y Y83031p1`s`ehaP0A' ?J'hacf:\tAy/hB|cs#O`:i,pQv>&,V $! endstream endobj 425 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[8 367]/Length 35/Size 375/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream Radiology Today In general, commercial plans will expect to see modifier 50 if a service is performed bilaterally and the procedure is not written as a bilateral service. 58 0 obj <>stream 53, discontinued services: Under certain circumstances, a physician may elect to terminate a surgical or diagnostic procedure, often due to the well-being of the patient or staff. WebPosition of part The left shoulder and hip should be elevated to rotate the thorax. WebEstimates of the dose an individual might receive from one x ray. You document both the problem-oriented and the preventive components of the encounter in detail. At the time the article was last revised Andrew Murphy had no recorded disclosures. Systematic approach to the chest film using an inside-out approach. A 65-year-old established Medicare patient presents for her annual well-woman exam. You should submit 99396, Periodic comprehensive preventive medicine , established patient; 40-64 years and ICD-9 code V70.0, Routine general medical examination at a health care facility; and the problem-oriented code that describes the additional work associated with the evaluation of the respiratory complaints with modifier -25 attached, ICD-9 codes 466.0, Acute bronchitis and 786.50, Chest pain and the appropriate codes for the electrocardiogram and chest X-ray. Coding abdomen and chest x-rays is more straightforward than ever LOINC code: 42272-5: name: XR Chest PA and Lateral: status: ACTIVE: Fully-Specified Name: component: Views PA + lateral: property: Find = Finding: time: Pt = Point in time: To identify measures at a point in time. It can help your healthcare provider see how well your lungs and heart are working. 0000004294 00000 n In regard to modifier 59 usage, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services gives the following guidance: Under certain circumstances, the physician may need to indicate that a procedure or service was distinct or independent from other services performed on the same day. The chest x-ray is the most common radiological investigation in the emergency department 1. lateral to the level of the acromioclavicular joints orientation portrait or landscape detector size 35 cm x 43 cm or 43 cm x 35 cm exposure 100-110 kVp 4-8 mAs SID 180 cm grid yes Image technical evaluation The entire lung fields should be visible from the apices down to the lateral costophrenic angles. A posterior-anterior (PA) chest X-ray is the standard view used; other views (lateral or lordotic) or CT scans may be necessary. You take additional history related to his symptoms, perform a detailed respiratory and CV exam, and order an electrocardiogram and chest X-ray. Background Chest CT scan and chest x-rays show characteristic radiographic findings in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. 0000054899 00000 n The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT ) code 71111 as maintained by American Medical Association, is a medical procedural code under the range - Diagnostic Radiology (Diagnostic Imaging) Procedures of the Chest. 71020 , 74150-26 Response Feedback : Rationale : The chest X-ray was taken in the doctor s office and interpreted . You should submit the following codes and related charges to Medicare: G0101 for the pelvic exam and clinical breast check, Q0091 for the collection of the Pap smear specimen and V76.2; and 99213 for the established-patient office visit (with modifier -25 attached) and 401.1, Essential hypertension, benign. The total amount billed for this visit should be $127.30. WebUnder Diagnostic Radiology (Diagnostic Imaging) Procedures of the Chest. 7 0 obj <> endobj 39 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<26FA08923C0744C9AE245405DD51780A><5849112536AC4390905B679A1E8DDF31>]/Index[7 57]/Info 6 0 R/Length 141/Prev 201190/Root 8 0 R/Size 64/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream You are using an out of date browser. Many times this gives the patient time to prepare and results in a better breath hold and therefore a higher quality radiograph. Radiographer who has taken the chest x-ray - this may be kept confidential 4. Deciding which of these options to choose depends on the clinical circumstances and your medical judgment. CPT Code 74170. Subscribe to. You spend 15 minutes discussing these issues with him. 0000010700 00000 n system: Chest: scale Medicare does not provide reimbursement for CPTs comprehensive preventive medicine services codes described above, but because of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, it does provide reimbursement for certain screening services provided in the absence of an illness, disease, sign or symptom, such as a screening pelvic and clinical breast exam. TC, technical component: This modifier covers the expense of the staff, machinery, equipment, and nonprofessional interpretation elements required to provide a radiological film or image/tracing. 13 No. lateral to the level of the acromioclavicular joints orientation portrait or landscape detector size 35 cm x 43 cm or 43 cm x 35 cm exposure 100-110 kVp 4-8 mAs SID 180 cm grid yes (this may be departmentally dependent) Image technical evaluation The entire lung fields should be visible from the apices down to the lateral costophrenic angles. Chronic dyspnea, suspected CHF or interstitial lung disease. WebChest Pain (may be done w/o contrast if ordering MD desires) Coarctation of the aorta; Dissection (chest only, no 3D) Chest PE w/ contrast. These codes can be reported for the same visit because the Medicare-covered screening services dont include all the work normally included in a preventive medicine visit. lR- kW/2fegefXjyG@,_'Q;^F ` vK,$ The ordering of appropriate immunizations or laboratory/diagnostic procedures. ), As described above, age-appropriate counseling that occurs during a preventive medicine encounter is part of the preventive medicine services codes, but preventive counseling and/or risk factor reduction interventions that are provided at a separate encounter should be reported with the preventive counseling codes. 3 types of levers in the body? By Edwina Sprow, CPC Review of Diagnostic Radiology: Chest X-Ray Services. 52, reduced services: Under certain circumstances, a service or procedure is reduced or eliminated at the physicians discretion. Selected Answer : a. For the NCCI its primary purpose is to indicate that two or more procedures are performed at different anatomic sites or different patient encounters. You take the patients interval medical, family and social history and perform a complete review of systems. Therefore, if you provide an immunization or perform the laboratory study in your office, you should bill the services in addition to the preventive E/M visit. 2 reason for lost reimbursement in radiology practices, defined as either the wrong modifier being appended to a claim or no modifier being used when required. This will not only improve your reimbursement but also will allow you to track the preventive services provided by your practice so that you are always aware of the health maintenance services due for each patient. 0000032516 00000 n Medicare covers the collection of a screening Pap smear and her pelvic exam and clinical breast check for that year. 50, bilateral procedure: This modifier relates to circumstances in which both sides of the body are imaged or a procedure is performed on both sides of the body. (For more information, visit www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/NationalCorrectCodInitEd/downloads/modifier59.pdf.). Figure 9.2 Chest x-ray, Lateral, Line drawing #FOAMed Medical Education Resources by LITFL is As long as service is clearly documented and distinct from the documentation of the preventive service, CPT suggests submitting a preventive medicine services code (99381-99397) for the routine exam and the appropriate office visit code (99201-99215) with modifier -25, Significant, separately identifiable [E/M] service by the same physician on the same day of the procedure or other service, attached to the problem-oriented service. PeekaPoo - Size, Character, Breeders, Mix, Color, Sale, Price, Southdown Sheep Disadvantages, Advantages, Characteristics, Price, Simangus Cattle Disadvantages, Advantages, Facts, Price, Murray Grey Cattle Pros and Cons, Facts, Price, Balancer Cattle Pros & Cons, Characteristics, Origin, Weight, Black Baldy Cattle Advantages, Disadvantages, Characteristics, Uses, Hampshire Sheep Pros and Cons, Temperament, Price. 71020-PA & Lateral Chest x-ray You can code 71111 only if One view of chest x- Ray Taken. The entire lung fields should be visible from the apicesdown to the lateral costophrenic angles. Chest X-rays are quick, noninvasive tests. (2012) ISBN:0323073557. %PDF-1.5 % 0000130649 00000 n 0000001600 00000 n On completing the examination, you will have to wait for the technician to confirm if the The correct code for the CT Scan is 74150. If a service is performed on one side or the other, then the payer will expect to see modifier LT or RT. The time the chest x-ray was performed 3. The patient is now interested in a regular exercise program and diet to reduce his risk of cardiovascular disease since his 52-year-old brother recently had a heart attack. 0000009142 00000 n Anticipatory guidance, risk factor reduction interventions or counseling. The 2023 edition of ICD-10-CM R91 became effective on October 1, To plug inpatient facility revenue drains, subscribe to, Crosswalk to an anesthesia code and its base units, and calculate payments in a snap! 0000006782 00000 n A major component of EHR order management is? 2021 X-RAY CPT CODES* Thoracic Spine Thoracic Spine 2 views 72070 Thoracic Spine 3 views 72072 Thoracic Spine min 4 views 72074 Thoracic Lumbar Spine 2 views 72080 Lumbar Spine Lumbar Spine 2 or 3 views 72100 Lumbar Spine min 4 views 0000091313 00000 n The Alphabetical Index should be consulted to determine which symptoms and signs are to be allocated here and which to other chapters. 0000135871 00000 n 0000005601 00000 n 8 P. 14, Incorrect modifier usage stands as the No. WebChest X-rays use a small dose of radiation to create a black-and-white image. 0000028521 00000 n Understanding how to code and be reimbursed for all of these services can be challenging, especially since third-party payers reimbursement policies on preventive services vary. Case 3: arms mimicking pleural thickening, see full revision history and disclosures, shoulder (modified transthoracic supine lateral), acromioclavicular joint (AP weight-bearing view), sternoclavicular joint (anterior oblique views), sternoclavicular joint (serendipity view), foot (weight-bearing medial oblique view), paranasal sinus and facial bone radiography, paranasal sinuses and facial bones (lateral view), transoral parietocanthal view (open mouth Waters view), temporomandibular joint (axiolateral oblique view), cervical spine (flexion and extension views), lumbar spine (flexion and extension views), systematic radiographic technical evaluation (mnemonic), foreign body ingestion series (pediatric), foreign body inhalation series (pediatric), pediatric chest (horizontal beam lateral view), neonatal abdominal radiograph (supine view), pediatric abdomen (lateral decubitus view), pediatric abdomen (supine cross-table lateral view), pediatric abdomen (prone cross-table lateral view), pediatric elbow (horizontal beam AP view), pediatric elbow (horizontal beam lateral view), pediatric forearm (horizontal beam lateral view), pediatric hip (abduction-internal rotation view), iodinated contrast-induced thyrotoxicosis, saline flush during contrast administration, CT angiography of the cerebral arteries (protocol), CT angiography of the circle of Willis (protocol), cardiac CT (prospective high-pitch acquisition), CT transcatheter aortic valve implantation planning (protocol), CT colonography reporting and data system, CT kidneys, ureters and bladder (protocol), CT angiography of the splanchnic vessels (protocol), esophageal/gastro-esophageal junction protocol, absent umbilical arterial end diastolic flow, reversal of umbilical arterial end diastolic flow, monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy, benign and malignant characteristics of breast lesions at ultrasound, differential diagnosis of dilated ducts on breast imaging, musculoskeletal manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis, sonographic features of malignant lymph nodes, ultrasound classification of developmental dysplasia of the hip, ultrasound appearances of liver metastases, generalized increase in hepatic echogenicity, dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, focus assessed transthoracic echocardiography, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, ultrasound-guided biopsy of a peripheral soft tissue mass, ultrasound-guided intravenous cannulation, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SBRT or SABR), sealed source radiation therapy (brachytherapy), selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT), preoperative pulmonary nodule localization, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), transhepatic biliary drainage - percutaneous, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), percutaneous nephrostomy salvage and tube exchange, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), long head of biceps tendon sheath injection, rotator cuff calcific tendinitis barbotage, subacromial (subdeltoid) bursal injection, spinal interventional procedures (general), transforaminal epidural steroid injection, intravenous cannulation (ultrasound-guided), inferomedial superolateral oblique projection, breast ultrasound features: benign vs malignant, patient is erect facing the upright image receptor, the superior aspect of the receptor is 5 cm above the shoulder joints, the chin is raised as to be out of the image field.

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