names of families that owned slaves in texas

Cotton. [14][15], In 1821 at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence, Texas was included in the new nation. The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages. [8] A 1777 census of San Antonio showed a total of 2,060people, with 151 of African descent. In short, from 1821 to 1836, the national government in Mexico City and the state government of Coahuila and Texas often threatened to restrict or destroy African American servitude, but always allowed settlers in Texas a loophole or an exemption. Many enslaved people ran away. He Later he was given leadership of a Spanish expedition. A group of enslaved people killed the sheriff of Gonzales when he attempted to stop their going to Matamoros. For a complete list, please see: American slave owners Project Profiles. Africans and the descendants of Africans and Indians were excluded from the class of 'persons' having rights. People of color who had been servants for life under Mexican law would become property. Charles Heyward of Colleton, South Carolina: 491 slaves. Sugar and cotton plantations. After that, he could legally transport the enslaved people and sell them in New Orleans or areas further up the Mississippi River. WebLand Records Names & Surnames Slavery & Servitude Claim Listing Sankofagen Wiki run by Karmella Haynes has a list of Arkansas Plantations and Slave Names listed by county, for counties formed prior to 1865. It gives the county and location, a description of the house, the number of acres owned, and the number of cabins of former slaves. Farmers. Voter's registrations are among the few records which document African American males prior to 1870. Freedmen Towns [34] Unlike in most southern cities, the number of urban enslaved people in Texas grew throughout the 1850s. In fact, at the turn of the 18 th century, Marie Therese was one of the richest ladies in Louisiana. [20], Many enslaved people who escaped from slaveholders in Texas or in the United States joined various East Texas Indian tribes. This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 11:16. Legally slaves were categorized as chattel (moveable property), but they were men, women and children who clearly despised their condition of servitude. He and his wife Mary moved there themselves and he died Update 12/7/2016(CLM): I have found various references of military rank from Captain to Brigadier General. Many slaves may have escaped such punishment, but every slave lived with the knowledge that he or she could be whipped at his owner's discretion. This page was last modified 06:24, 6 May 2021. Abraham Kuykendall 5 5. There was an auction block next to the Menger Hotel and near the Alamo. Section 9 of Constitution of the Republic of Texas read in part as follows: All persons of color who were slaves for life previous to their emigration to Texas, and who are now held in bondage, shall remain in the like state of servitude Congress shall pass no laws to prohibit emigrants from bringing their slaves into the republic with them, and holding them by the same tenure by which such slaves were held in the United States; nor shall congress have the power to emancipate slaves; nor shall any slave holder be allowed to emancipate his or her slave without the consent of congress, unless he or she shall send his or her slave or slaves without the limits of the republic. [48], On some plantations, many enslaved people left immediately after hearing of the emancipation, even if their former owners offered to pay them wages. [8] There was intermarriage among blacks, Indians and Europeans. J. Harleston Read of Georgetown, South Carolina: 511 slaves. The Brazos department, including Austin's colonies and those of Green DeWitt, had exported 600,000 pesos worth of goods, including 5,000 bales of cotton. 3 Research Strategy. Slaves freed in America before the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. [11] Anglo-American immigration to the province slowed at this point, with settlers angry about the changing rules. [17] Most of the settlers Austin recruited came from the southern slave-owning portions of the United States. WebThe slaves who remained on properties in South Carolina are counted on the South Carolina reports. A list of resources for African American research of ancestors who lived in Texas. Up to 80enslaved people and 37whites may have been executed as a result of the supposed plot. Search for "FREEDMEN - TEXAS" in the Subjects search bar to find. Settlements grew and developed more land under cultivation in cotton and other commodities. 42 (June, 1948): 510, 511-12. The African American Library at the Gregory SchoolHouston's first colored public school, located in historic Freedmen's Town, serves as a resource and repository to preserve, promote and celebrate the rich history and culture of African Americans in Houston, the surrounding region and the African Diaspora. The history of slavery in Texas began slowly at first during the first few phases in Texas' history. The progress of the Civil War did not drastically affect slavery in Texas because no major slaveholding area was invaded. 3 (Sep., 1898) (pp. Sugar. The central part of the state was dominated by subsistence farmers. [33], Although most enslaved people lived in rural areas, more than 1000 resided in both Galveston and Houston by 1860, with several hundred in other large towns. William Mills 20 2. Before being brought to Texas, enslaved persons signed contracts with their masters by which they technically became free but, in return for their "freedom," agreed that they and their children would, in effect, be indentured to the master for life. This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired labor. For example, Jared Groce arrived from Alabama in 1822 with ninety slaves and set up a cotton plantation on the Brazos River. "[citation needed], As the Texas Revolution began in 1835, some enslaved people sided with Mexico, which provided for freedom. New Orleans was the center of this trade in the Deep South, but there were slave dealers in Galveston and Houston, too. Many owners wished to appear as benevolent fathers, and yet most knew that there would be times when they would treat members of their families as property pure and simple. When Bradburn arrested Travis on suspicion of plotting an insurrection, settlers rebelled. Donald S. Strong, "The Rise of Negro Voting in Texas," American Political Science Review Vol. J. C. Jenkins of Wilkinson, Mississippi: 523 slaves. After slavery, African Americans went on to establish towns in Texas. Every dollar helps. P.O. Joseph Henry 8 3. accessed March 05, 2023, Madison (1), 236 slaves. 25 percent. Voters' Registrations of 1867 are available on microfilm at the Texas State Archives. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. This fact is not a tribute to the benevolence of slavery, but a testimony to the human spirit of the enslaved African Americans. A Special Interest Group (SIG) of the Dallas Genealogical Society Slavery formally ended in Texas after June 19, 1865 (Juneteenth), when Gen. Gordon Granger arrived at Galveston with occupying federal forces and announced emancipation. To Berry, having slave-owning ancestors shouldnt disqualify someone form holding office. White Texans were fearful about revolts, and as in other southern states, rumors of uprisings took hold rapidly, often in times of economic and social tension. Eliza Denwoo Henry David Rhodes, planter, was born in Alabama about 1819. Meredith Calhoun of Rapides, Louisiana: 709 slaves. 5.2 Cemeteries. For example, slaves worked hard, sometimes at their own pace, and offered many forms of nonviolent resistance if pushed too hard. Through organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), African Americans continued to work to regain their ability to exercise their civil and voting rights as citizens. Alfred V. Davis, Concordia, Louisiana: 500+ slaves. Salas. Truly giant slaveholders such as Robert and D. G. Mills, who owned more than 300 slaves in 1860 (the largest holding in Texas), had plantations in this area, and the population resembled that of the Old South's famed Black Belt. The civil rights movement led to the U.S. Congress and President Lyndon Johnson passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which protected the rights of all citizens to integrated public facilities and enforcement of voting rights. [51], The long-term effects of slavery can be seen to this day in the state's demographics. However, the north central region held much excellent cotton land, and slavery would probably have developed rapidly there once rail transportation was built. If you change your mind, you can easily unsubscribe. [citation needed]. Samuel King 3 7. Texan forces executed one runaway taken prisoner and resold another into slavery. Texas was a colonial territory, then part of Mexico, later Republic in 1836, and U.S. state in 1845. William Fletcher 4 6. laws in Texas. Sugar. WebLists of Slave owners with names of slaves 781-----Edward, 660 Michael, 735 Adam, Andrew George, 425, 498, 533, 621 Guy, 498 Jack, 729 Lucy, 729 Peter, 533 Sam, 621 WebThe Confederate gov ernment required many slave holders to provide slaves to work at military fortifications and other facilities throughout the South. Disputes over slavery did not constitute an immediate cause of the Texas Revolution, but the institution was always in the background as what the noted Texas historian Eugene C. Barker called a "dull, organic ache." [24], In 1845 the state legislature passed legislation further restricting the rights of free blacks. . After the Texas Revolution ended in 1836, the Constitution of the Republic of Texas made slavery legal. Greg Abbott says if these corporate tax breaks return, renewable energy should be excluded, At these old-school restaurants in Texas, you feel like its an extension of your home, Gulf of Mexico warming at faster rate than global ocean, study finds. The payrolls for that slave There were a few slaves in Texas while it was a Spanish province, but slavery did not really become an institution of significance in the region until the arrival of AngloAmerican settlers. They fought bitterly against the disruption of their families by sale or migration and at times virtually forced masters to respect family ties. Through wills and census reports found during family research, I have discovered a couple sets of ancestors who owned slaves. Married Margaret French Strother 1778. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS. WebIn 1845, there were about 30,000 enslaved people in Texas. Slaves ate primarily corn and pork, foods that contained enough calories to provide adequate energy but were limited in essential vitamins and minerals. I look at this and many of these opportunities as a place to teach and educate our country on our history because this is a part of our history that weve often sort of tucked under the rug or didnt give the details of that history, Berry says. Texas did not, however, employ techniques common in other Southern states such as complex voter registration rules and literacy tests; even the "white primary" was not implemented statewide until 1923.[53]. P Denwood was a Quaker and in early days often was in trouble with the court as he was suspected of harboring Quakers on their way up to Maryland. In rural areas, counties often set up patrols to enforce restrictions on enslaved people traveling without passes from planter owners. In the fall of 1835, a group of almost 100enslaved people staged an uprising along the Brazos River after they heard rumors of approaching Mexican troops. Elisha Worthington of Chicot, Arkansas: 529 slaves. WebThe 1860 slave schedule was used in the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory and Virginia. Levin R. Marshall, Concordia (2), Louisiana: 248 slaves. In 1860, the Methodists claimed 7,541enslaved people among their members in Texas. See the Heritage Exchange Portal for more information on how to document slaves and slave owners. The slaveholder hired William Barret Travis, a local lawyer, in an attempt to retrieve the men. Sean M. Kelley, Los Brazos de Dios: A Plantation Society in the Texas Borderlands, 1821- 1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010). Cotton. House servants and craftsmen worked long hours, too, but their labor was not so burdensome physically. There is at least one positive outcome that could come from reckoning with slave-owning family members of the past. In 1854, citizens in Austin and other towns drove many poor Mexicans from the area in fear that they might assist in revolts. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas, http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. In the 1830s, the British consul estimated that approximately 500enslaved people had been illegally imported into Texas. This page has been viewed 87,667 times (5,509 via redirect). A small minority (about 6 percent) of the slaves in Texas did not belong to farmers or planters but lived instead in the state's towns, working as domestic servants, day laborers, and mechanics (see SLAVERY, URBAN). Phone: (214) 565-9026, African American Community Archives Program, Austin History Center, Austin Public Library, Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society, Inc.Willie Lee Gay - H-Town Chapter11100 Braesridge, Suite 2202Houston, Texas 77071aahgshtown@yahoo.com, Houston Museum of African American Culture MP for Horsham in 1808 and Sandwich (18121824). Angelina County, Texas, Slave Owners. Democratic presidential candidate Beto O'Rourke holds a rally at Scholz Garten in Austin. Later they were joined by lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca. [34], Plantation enslaved people generally lived in one or two-room log cabins. [21] By 1850, an estimated 3,000enslaved people had successfully escaped to Mexico, and an additional 1,000 crossed into Mexico between 1851 and 1855. (re: Insurrection Scare in East Texas) "Smith County and Its Neighgors During the Slave Insurrection Panic of 1860," by Donald Eugene Reynolds, PhD (born 1931), Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies, outlawed the importation of enslaved people, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act, History of African Americans in Dallas-Ft. Worth, History of African Americans in San Antonio, "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States", "U.S. appeals court allows Texas to implement voter ID law", "Updated: Texas voter ID law allows gun licenses, not Student ID's", "Someone did not do their due diligence: How an attempt to review Texas' voter rolls turned into a debacle", Texas Terror: the Slave Insurrection Panic of 1860 and the Secession of the Lower South, San Antonio de Bexar: A Community on New Spain's Northern Frontier, Lester G. Bugbee, "Slavery in early Texas", Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Texas&oldid=1132265581, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with failed verification from June 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. African-, Afro-Americans throughout the Americas / Black History - Master Project, Black Washingtons of Pope's Creek Plantation, Virginia, Somerset Place Plantation, North Carolina, 9 of the Biggest Slave Owners in American History, Standing in Way of Alabama Walmart: Slave Graves. Amid talk of reparations, political figures contend with their slave-owning ancestors. Slave owners had broad powers of discipline subject only to constitutional provisions that slaves be treated "with humanity" and that punishment not extend to the taking of life and limb. Early books sometimes contained the name of the former master or mistress and the name of the plantation. Length of residence (in state, in county, in precinct), General Remarks--race is noted when the registrant was "colored". Instead, slaves exercised a degree of agency in their lives by maximizing the time available within the system to maintain physical, psychological and spiritual strength. Slaveowners may not free their enslaved servants without Congressional approval unless the freed people leave Texas. [38] Unlike most southern states, Texas did not explicitly ban education of enslaved people, but most slaveholders did not allow the practice. They survived with the help of Castillo's faith healing among the Indians. "The Texas Slave Insurrection of 1860," by William White. WebAnd for greater certainty I here give the names of the slaves mentioned and intended to pass to said children by this my 5th bequeath to the best of my resolution, to wit, 1 Scott 2 [24], Exportation in the slave-owning areas of the state surpassed that of the non-slave-owning areas. [46], Unlike in other Southern states, only a small number of enslaved Texans, estimated at 47, joined the Union Army. Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528-1995 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996, 2nd Edition). The practice was common until its abolition in 1865 with the end of the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The issue of slavery became a source of contention between the Anglo-American settlers and Spanish governors. One way or another they had to endure. Many slave families, however, were disrupted. [44] . [19] In 1832, the state passed legislation prohibiting worker contracts from lasting more than tenyears. The Neal family owned a plantation in Louisburg, Franklin County, N.C. Family members who went west all trafficked enslaved people with them and had the cash to buy good farm land. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) Jerrett Brown of Sumter, Alabama: 540 slaves. [7], Importation of enslaved Africans was not widespread in Spanish Texas. All ages were represented, however, from 5months to 60years. They were not, and even the best-treated slaves dreamed of freedom. John J. Middleton of Beaufort, South Carolina: 530 slaves. , and his wife Amy, are descendants of slave owners. They had no property rights themselves and no legal rights of marriage and family. By the end of 1845, when Texas joined the United States, the state was home to at least 30,000 enslaved people. John Burneside of Ascension, Louisiana: 753 slaves; Saint James: 187 slaves. Slavery in Waco. Slavery was thus a constant source of tension in the lives of slaveholders. [11] In 1809, the Commandant General of the Interior Provinces, Nemesio Salcedo, ordered the Texas-Louisiana border to be closed to everyone, regardless of ethnic background. 389-412)Page Count: 24, Texas Runaway Slave Project. In Texas, like other southern states, the treatment of slaves varied from plantation to plantation, from master to master. Theirs was apparently a favored position, at least in this regard. The first non-Native slave in Texas was Estevanico, a Moor from North Africa who had been captured and enslaved by the Spanish when he was a child. 3" on the balcony of Ashton Villa: The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. WebList of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves A James Abercrombie (congressman) Adelicia Acklen Joseph Alexander Smith Acklen Joseph H. Acklen George Madison Adams Green Adams James Uriah Adams Joel Adams Samuel Adams (Arkansas politician) William Wirt Adams Henry Addison (mayor) Thomas Affleck (planter) D. Wyatt Slave prices inflated rapidly as the institution expanded in Texas. 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. The Slave Narratives of Texas. Music and song served to set a pace for work and to express sorrow and hope (see AFRICAN-AMERICAN CHURCHES). In part due to the trade in enslaved people, New Orleans was the fourth largest city in the US in 1840 and one of the wealthiest. Family ties were a source of strength for people enduring bondage and a mark of their humanity, too. Most of the early slaveholders owned only a few enslaved people, but a few brought enough to build plantations immediately. Married Elizabeth Towles 1803. WebAn 1857 notice advertised the sale of two likely negroesa man named Strut and a woman named Rachel to be held at the courthouse door in Corsicana, Navarro County, Texas, to settle an estate. The number likely would have been larger but for the attitude of the Mexican federal and state governments. In 1829 the Guerrero decree conditionally abolished slavery throughout Mexican territories. Sugar plantations. WebWhat percentage of Texas families owned slaves? 1 Introduction. [11] By 1825, however, a census of Austin's Colony showed 1,347 Anglo-Americans and 443people of African descent, including a small number of free blacks. And when they declared independence and wrote a constitution for their new republic, they made every effort, in the words of a later Texas Supreme Court justice, to "remove all doubt and uneasiness among the citizens of Texas in regard to the tenure by which they held dominion over their slaves." Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell was confronted with similar information about his ancestors this month, but had a different reaction. [36], Many local communities adopted laws forbidding enslaved people from having liquor or weapons, from selling agricultural products, hiring their own time, or being hired by free blacks. [9] When some French and Spanish slaveholders moved to Texas, they were allowed to retain their enslaved people. The original empresario commission given Moses Austin by Spanish authorities in 1821 did not mention slaves, but when Stephen F. Austin was recognized as heir to his father's contract later that year, it was agreed that settlers could receive eighty acres of land for each enslaved person they brought to the colony. The majority of adult slaves were field hands, but a sizable minority worked as skilled craftsmen, house servants, and livestock handlers. Thomas Justice 2 11. As Texas was much more distant from the Union Army lines for much of the war, enslaved people were unable to reach them. Profiles are placed in this category with this text [[Category:Texas, Slave Owners]] . These tensions came to a head in the Anahuac Disturbances. The low wages the enslaved person would receive made repayment impossible, and the debt would be inherited, even though no enslaved person would receive wages until age eighteen. [41] See Underground Railroad South to Mexico. In 1860 there were 3,017 slaves in Marion county 1,406 males, 1,611 females. [40] As early as 1836, Texas slaveholders sent representatives to Matamoros to try to reclaim their runaways, but Mexico refused. To Anglo-American slave owners slavery was a practical necessity in Texas the only way to grow cotton profitably on its vast areas of fertile land. FS Library976.4F2bjm 1970 AngloAmerican settlers were very alarmed, but within a year the State Congress of Coahuila and Texas, some of its Tejano leaders impressed by the pleas of Austin's colonists concerning the need for labor and others distracted by debates over different issues, passed a law that used the familiar practice of indentured servitude to permit the bringing in of slaves under a different name. After Jos Mara Jess Carvajal promised to return all escapees, more than 400Texans joined his revolt of 1851. A large supply of cheap Mexican labor in the area made the purchase and care of a slave too expensive. For a time, many enslaved ran away to Texas. A survey of Texas in 1834 found that the department of Bexar, which was mostly made up of Tejanos, had exported no goods. It was a decision that increased tensions with slave-holders among the Anglo-Americans. WebThe 1783 census for all of Texas listed a total of 36 enslaved people. Congress shall not have the power to emancipate enslaved people. Favorable conditions for free blacks continued into the 1830s. Sam Houston made illegal importation from Mexico a crime in 1836. On June 19, 1865 word of the Emancipation Proclamation finally reached enslaved African [18] Slaveholders trying to enter Mexico would force the people they enslaved to sign contracts claiming that they owed money and would work to pay the debt. The list below is compiled from the 1860 United States Slave Census Schedule. Dennis. Texas was the last frontier of chattel slavery in the United States. Most slaves in Texas worked: On plantations and farms. In 1865, 95% of the enslaved were illiterate.[39]. In August 1831, Juan Davis Bradburn, the military commander of the custom station on Upper Galveston Bay, gave asylum to two men who had escaped from slavery in Louisiana. John Butler of McIntosh, Georgia: 505 slaves. They often made matches with slaves on neighboring farms and spent as much time as possible together, even if one owner or the other could not be persuaded to arrange for husband and wife to live on the same place. 7 rolls, National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, New England Historic Genealogical Society, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library at Colonial Williamsburg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Libraries, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Clayton Library Center for Genealogical Research, Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center, Natchitoches Genealogical and Historical Association, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_American_Resources_for_Texas&oldid=5253354. Slave plantations were concentrated along the low-lying farmlands of East Texas. 2 Online Resources. Trying to get around the Gulf Coast, they built five barges, but in November 1528 these went aground off the coast of Texas. WebOne in four families owned slaves. As in other southern states, however, the enslaved people made Christianity their own and they developed strong religious faith. Col. Joshua John Ward of Georgetown, South Carolina: 5.1 Biographies. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. Slavery had been theoretically abolished by President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation which proclaimed, in 1863, that only those enslaved in territories that were in rebellion from the United States were free. 4 Cotton plantations. Dallas, TX The men sold enslaved people to James Bowie and others, who brought them directly to a customhouse and informed on themselves. In the fewer than fifty years between 1821 and 1865, the "Peculiar Institution," as Southerners called it, spread over the eastern two-fifths of the state, an area nearly as large as Alabama and Mississippi combined. See also AGRICULTURE, AFRICAN AMERICANS, CIVIL WAR, RECONSTRUCTION, and SLAVE INSURRECTIONS. is a professor of history at the University of Texas at Austin, and says addressing ones lineage of slavery is difficult, but ORourkes response helped bring the issue out into the open. 1836-1864 (10 fiche) FS Library 6118915, Oral Histories Recorded at the Gregory School, African American Freedman's Savings and Trust Company Records, United States, Freedman's Bank Records, 1865-1874, U.S., Freedman's Bank Records, 1865-1871 ($), United States, Freedmen's Bureau Claim Records,1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Hospital and Medical Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Labor Contracts, Indenture and Apprenticeship Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Marriages, 1861-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Ration Records,1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Records of Persons and Articles Hired, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Freedmen's Court Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Land and Property Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Records of Freedmen's Complaints, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Records of the Superintendent of Education and of the Division of Education, 1865-1872, United States Freedmen's Bureau Miscellaneous Records,1865-1872, United States Freedmen's Bureau, Records of Freedmen, 1865-1872, African American Freedmen's Bureau Records.

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