dogwood bush diseases pictures

Thin the canopy to increase air movement. Cercospora and Septoria leaf spots are very similar in size and appearance. We have all heard the fables about how even the smallest can bring down the mighty. Dogwoods are generally deciduous shrubs or trees. Multiple cankers can girdle the main trunk and eventually kill the tree. They are found on twigs and branches. The red twig dogwood plant, also known as the Cornus sericea is a shrub that truly is at its best during the winter months. A combination of cultural and chemical measures is necessary to control this disease. Upon hatching, the young larvae feed together and chew the leaf. They do not settle on the leaves but stay to feed on the twigs and branches. The light spotting seen on leaves of dogwood usually has little impact on tree health, but repeated years of early leaf drop can weaken the tree. Although insects often damage dogwood trees, the damage is usually minor. During hot, dry summer weather, prune and dispose of all dead or cankered twigs and limbs. It is about 5/8-inch long at maturity. Leaves have dry and browning edges. Small, wet areas on the bark, dead branches, adventitious growth (water sprouts on trunk and large branches), or sloughing and cracking of bark can all be symptoms of dogwood borer attack. Upon hatching, the young caterpillar finds a suitable place to enter the tree such as a wound, scar, woody gall, or branch crotch. In addition, protect the trees from unnecessary wounding, such as from lawn mowers and string trimmers, as this will reduce the chances of infestation. These mature larvae will wander about in search of an overwintering site, generally in soft or decaying wood. Available in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes, dogwood trees add beauty to the landscape for most of the year. These plants are relatively hardy but they do have their Achilles heels. Native to Wisconsin’s woodlands and forests, Pagoda Dogwood is an incredibly useful small tree or large shrub that provides year-round interest in the landscape. In spring, it produces a heavenly array of star-like blooms. Dogwood is a popular ornamental tree with its flowering bracts, elegant foliage, and bright red fruits. The Flowering dogwood tree or the red twig dogwood are some of the most beautiful and easy growing shrubs you can grow. There may be one or two generations a year. The flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) is a small, deciduous ornamental tree that is native throughout the eastern United States. Dogwood trees, scientifically known as the Cornus florida, are great for adding color to one's garden and landscape. Apply according to the label instructions. Be sure to thoroughly cover all of the branches. If it is necessary to control high populations, apply a horticultural oil (2% summer rate) or insecticidal soap spray during the summer. A summer rate (2%) spray of horticultural oil may be used in summer, if necessary. There are two distinctive black dots just behind the head. Most insect damage occurs on the trunk and branches of dogwoods. As the larva tunnels, the twig may break off or wilt behind it. The variegated red-twig dogwood (Cornus alba "Elegantissima") is a deciduous shrub that grows to a height of between 6 and 8 feet tall, with a 4- to 6-foot spread. Prevention & Control: The best prevention is to keep trees healthy by fertilizing, watering, and mulching. However, immature forms, called crawlers, are susceptible. The twig beyond the gall may die. Prevention & Treatment: Clean up and dispose of infected leaves on the ground and on the tree, if possible, since this is where these fungi survive the winter. Symptoms on dogwoods may also be caused by diseases or abiotic (environmental) factors. Photo: Kansas Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org. After the second molt, the larvae become covered with a white powdery material. For more information, contact the Clemson Extension Home & Garden Information Center. Cercospora & Septoria Leaf Spots: These leaf spot diseases are caused by the fungi Cercospora cornicola and Septoria species, respectively. Maintain a protective covering of fungicide when new growth is present. Winter brings showy bright red fruit for a final splash of color. Do not replant a dogwood in the same area and always protect the base of trees from damage. A dormant oil spray may be applied in late winter. Photo: Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org. The fruits are a popular food for songbirds. Our trees are carefully grown from stem pieces taken from trees derived from that original variety, so they are very superior to cheaper trees labeled simply ‘white flowering Dogwood’. This is an armored scale and, unlike the cottony maple and calico scales, it does not produce honeydew. The yellowish larva that hatches from the egg begins tunneling in the pith, boring down the center of the twig, occasionally making a series of holes to the surface through which it expels sawdust. Pagoda Dogwood Cornus alternifolia Description & Overview. It is essential that young trees receive adequate water during establishment. The dogwood borer is the major pest of dogwood. REC, Western Maryland Crawlers are present in May. By Mary Kay Malinoski, Principal Agent, University of Maryland Extension. The shrub reaches a height of between 6 and 8 feet. They drop to the ground where they survive the winter. Dogwood Twig Borer (Oberea tripunctata) Larva. Powdery mildew on dogwood (Cornus florida) leaves.James Blake, ©2007 HGIC, Clemson Extension. To monitor for this pest, look for tiny (1/8 inch long), oystershell shaped, and brown to gray scale covers on the bark of wilting or dead branches. Some dogwood varieties grow red berries during the early winter season. Photo: James Solomon, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org. I have a couple of dogwood trees, both are about 40 years old. Infected leaves exhibit marginal leaf scorch, dead patches, reddish discoloration, yellowing and premature defoliation. Since dogwood borer adults may be present from late April through July, several applications may be needed for good control. New growth is covered with a fine, white, powdery coating, typically on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Photo: Terry S. Price, Georgia Forestry Commission, Bugwood.org, The dogwood twig borer is a less serious pest of dogwood. The female lays eggs on the undersides of the leaves. Several species native to North American produce flowers for local pollinators and berries for wildlife. They touch other bushes (Arctic Fire Redtwig dogwood) that also appear to now have spots. As further infections occur, individual spots eventually merge to form larger spots. After transplanting, be sure to water as needed during the first summer and fall to avoid leaf scorch. The best growing zones for this perennial shrub are 2 through 9. The larvae may be found boring into the base of these trees. However, they … 2-inch clusters of slightly fragrant flowers in spring give way to blue-black berries on red peduncles (flower stalks) in summer, a favorite of native wildlife. Read and follow all label instructions and precautions. There is only one generation each year, with the larva overwintering inside the twig. Adult scales are relatively protected from insecticides by their waxy covering. The centers may drop out. It is believed to have started in the northeastern United States about 25 years ago, but has been spreading southward ever since. They are large (1/4 inch long), black and white-spotted and swollen. It most frequently attacks trees that are stressed or injured. The female moth lays eggs on the bark. Q. I have a dogwood tree in my yard I'm really concerned about. Apply all chemicals according to directions on the label. There is one generation each year. Lookalikes: Armillaria root rot, sunscald Rake and destroy … The wing covers have wavy, light-colored indentations. The borers can become established only if they locate a wound or opening in the bark. Oil should be applied before new growth begins and again after flowering. Red winter stems of 'Cardinal' (Cornus sericea) is a shrub native to Minnesota with colorful red or yellow winter bark that provides great winter interest.As a landscape plant, redosier dogwood is extremely versatile. Do not plant in full shade. If spraying is required, always spray late in the evening to reduce the direct impact on pollinating insects. The full-grown caterpillar is white with a pale brown head, and about 5/8 inch long. Several bark diseases affect the dogwood. Avoid transplanting dogwood seedlings from the woods as these plants may harbor the fungus. The borer is off-white in color with a reddish-brown head. Calico Scale (Eulecanium cerasorum), females. Larger trees with ongoing infestations often develop rough, knotty areas on the trunk and large branches, and may lack vigor. Poor leaf color, unhealthy plant growth, twig dieback, and even tree death are typical symptoms of distressed dogwoods. Tatarian dogwood is used as a border, mass, screen or specimen plant in landscapes. The flatheaded appletree borer attacks a wide variety of shade and fruit trees. Dogwood Borer (Synanthedon scitula) Adult. Product labels will provide information on how often to spray. Photo: David Laughlin, Horticultural Student, Bugwood.org. Symptoms of Discula anthracnose on dogwood (Cornus florida) leaves.Joseph O’Brien, USDA Forest Service, www.ipmimages.org, Canker on dogwood (Cornus florida) caused by Discula anthracnose (bark removed).Joseph O’Brien, USDA Forest Service, www.ipmimages.org. In response to the feeding and growth of the larva, a ½-1 inch long club- or spindle-shaped tubular swelling (gall) forms at the tip or along the stem. Infested young trees can be killed in one to two seasons. Adults appear in summer and feed on the foliage of host trees. Cultivars of the oriental dogwood Cornus kousa (such as ‘Milky Way’, ‘Milky Way Select’, and ‘National’) and many of the Cornus florida x Cornus kousa hybrids (such as ‘Aurora’, ‘Constellation’, ‘Celestial’, and ‘Stellar Pink’) are generally resistant to powdery mildew. This scale is usually controlled by beneficial insects and generally does not require spraying. These immature scales turn yellow and feed on the leaves during the summer. A number of factors other than insects or diseases can contribute to the decline of dogwoods in the landscape, especially mower injury, over-fertilization, and poor growing conditions. Begin treatment in early May and repeat four times at three-week intervals. The female moth lays her eggs on the bark of the tree and is particularly attracted to injured bark, scars, and other rough areas on the trunk. Some control can also be obtained with triadimefon, thiophanate methyl, sulfur, or copper fungicides (see Table 1 for specific products). Fungicides for spot anthracnose will also control dogwood anthracnose (canker anthracnose). Crawlers hatch in June and settle on leaves to feed. Improve air circulation and light penetration by removing understory plants and crowding vegetation. Photo: John A. Davidson, University of Maryland, Bugwood.org. The mature larvae are yellowish with a shiny black head and black spots. Monitor the crawler emergence with sticky cards, double-faced tape wrapped around a branch, or by putting an infested shoot or leaf into a baggie and watching for crawler movement. ‘Cherokee Brave’, ‘Springtime’, and ‘Pygmy’ have partial resistance. There is one generation each year. The adult beetle emerges from infested twigs in the spring and the female lays her eggs in healthy twigs. Maintain healthy dogwoods by following recommended cultural practices. It is about 3/8 inch long, blue-black with two yellow bands around the abdomen, and resembles a wasp. The adult beetle emerges from infested twigs in the spring and the female lays her eggs in healthy twigs.Flagging of a branch caused by Dogwood Twig Borer infestation. A tree planted this year will reach full-size in about a decade. Dogwoods are dying. Prune out and destroy the galls in summer before the maggots drop to the ground to pupate in the fall. Diseased trees produce numerous epicormic shoots or “water sprouts” on the lower trunk and lower limbs, which soon become infected. They are small and immobile, with no visible legs. There may be one or two generations a year. They feed on sap by piercing the leaf or stem with their mouthparts and sucking. They most commonly occur during the wet summer months, and may become so numerous that they cover the leaves by the end of summer. Eggs hatch at this time and tiny white crawlers settle on leaf veins. Female calico scale insects are very conspicuous in May. Powdery Mildew: Erysiphe pulchra (formerly Microsphaera pulchra) is the fungus that attacks leaf surfaces and tender shoots and causes powdery mildew. The use of the horticultural oil is a safer alternative to insecticides for spraying upward into a large tree (see Table 1 for specific products). As they grow, they will eat all of the leaf except the midrib. Infested twigs should be clipped off several inches below the girdled or infested portion and destroyed. For severe infections, fungicides containing chlorothalonil, thiophanate-methyl, or mancozeb can be sprayed (see Table 1 for specific products). Dispose of litter separately from your compost pile, as disease can overwinter in infected material. Calico scale and cottony maple scale are both soft scales and produce honeydew (a clear, sticky substance). Commonly occurring insect pests of dogwood include the dogwood borer, dogwood club-gall midge, and scales. Edited and revised by Christa K. Carignan, Coordinator, University of Maryland Extension, 12/ 2019. Kousa dogwood (C. kousa) is also susceptible to infection but is highly resistant to the disease and typically suffers only minor leaf spotting. Scales vary in appearance depending on age, sex, and species. If spotting does not appear on the bracts, the disease may not be severe on the leaves. If the tree is planted in full sun with limited water or under other stress, the damage can be serious. When infection is severe, these spots can cause flower bracts and leaves to become wrinkled and distorted. The dogwood twig borer is a less serious pest of dogwood. Dogwood blight, also known as dogwood anthracnose for the fungal pathogen that causes the disease, is a fairly new problem. Use them in combination with yellow twig dogwoods for an even more stunning winter display. Apply a thick layer of mulch (3 to 4 inches) that extends out beyond the foliage of the tree. Ovisacs are white, cottony masses that contain eggs. Leaves of dogwoods infested with the dogwood borer will often turn red and drop early. It is much easier to spray the trees for all of the scale insects listed in late winter to control the overwintering scales. This flowering dogwood care guide will show you the three simple keys to growing disease- and pest-free dogwoods in the home landscape. During the dormant season (when leaves have fallen from deciduous trees)  apply a horticultural oil (4% dormant rate) to control overwintering immature scales. Optimum conditions for growth If the cambium is destroyed, branches or the entire tree will die. Remove all “water sprouts.” Rake and remove fallen leaves. Dogwood Borer Damage at the Base of Flowering Dogwood. A light infestation is not serious. Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas) The cornelian cherry (also known as European cornel) is a large … Dogwood Club-Gall Midge: The dogwood club-gall midge (Resseliella clavula) is a small fly, about 1/16-inch long. Crawler activity often coincides with the flush of new plant growth in the spring. ), or botanical oils can help control many small insect pests and mites that affect garden and landscape plants. They will be found where honeydew and/or sooty mold (a fungus that grows on honeydew) are present. Dogwood Sawfly (Macremphytus tarsatus) larvae. Small trees are often killed. Cultural controls should be the first line of defense. Control: For heavy infestations, spray with horticultural oil in the spring to kill many adults and eggs by smothering them. Additionally, there are less toxic spray fungicides that contain sulfur or copper soap, and biological control sprays for plant diseases that contain Bacillus subtilis. Is this a fungus or disease that we should treat? Cankers can girdle and kill individual branches or twigs. It can be used as an accent, specimen or key plant, and in … Infected leaves have tan spots with purple edges, dry brown margins or large blotches on them. Thoroughly spray the trunk, major branches and any wounds on the bark. Other common landscape dogwoods, such as They are about the size of a pinhead and light-colored. Blighted gray or drooping leaves hang on the twigs and are often the first symptoms noticed during cool, wet weather. The first four fungicides listed have systemic properties and can be sprayed less often than sulfur or copper fungicides. The fungus Elsinoë cornicauses a spot anthracnose primarily on Cornus florida. A few cases have been reported at lower elevations where dogwoods are grown in very cool, moist, shady locations. Prune the diseased stems out if they are untreatable as soon as you notice them. Management is seldom needed, but if desired, wear gloves and manually remove and discard the larvae. REC, Lower Eastern Shore Inside the tree, they feed just beneath the bark, consuming the inner bark and cambium. Dogwood borer adult.James Solomon, USDA Forest Service, www.ipmimages.org. Dogwood anthracnose is most severe only in areas of the state that are higher than 2000 feet. Even in winter, the eye-catching bark and form of the Kousa bring a unique beauty to your landscape. This should be done after wilting occurs and before adult emergence in the spring. disease is serious and results in tree death. Look for the crawlers near the old scale covers. Do not grow grass over the root system area. Adult female scales are 3/16 inch long, black, flat, and oval. Infection that begins early in the season can be devastating, and the use of fungicides may be warranted. All recommendations for pesticide use are for South Carolina only and were legal at the time of publication, but the status of registration and use patterns are subject to change by action of state and federal regulatory agencies. Photo: Terry S. Price, Georgia Forestry Commission, Bugwood.org. However, this is a sad story that seems to have a happy ending, as I'll explain in a moment. Septoria leaf spots are a dark brown purple in color, later developing light brown or gray centers with dark borders. Red-twig dogwood (C. sericea) is very susceptible to powdery mildew. Read and follow all label instructions and precautions. Heavy infestations may cause leaf yellowing, stunting, and dieback. As with other dogwood diseases, keep leaf litter cleaned up from around the base of trees. More information about growing dogwoods is available in HGIC 1010, Dogwood. Septoria leaf spots on dogwood (Cornus florida).Division of Plant Industry Archive, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, www.ipmimages.org. Prevention & Treatment: In most cases, this disease doesn’t result in significant damage, but severe and repeat infections each year can significantly weaken a tree. The galled twigs and terminals die prematurely and flowering is reduced. Permethrin is labeled for use by the homeowner against dogwood borer (see Table 1 for specific products). If you see the flowers of these magnificent white flowering dogwood trees it is not too surprising that these plants are so popular among gardeners. Selecting a tree appropriate for your site, planting it correctly, and providing regular care are essential steps to prevent common pest problems of dogwoods. Red twig dogwood shrubs should be planted somewhere in your yard where they can be easily viewed from a window, to take advantage of their status as top-notch specimen plants for winter landscapes. This condition looks just like a disease, but it isn’t. Insecticides labeled for use by homeowners against scale crawlers on dogwood include bifenthrin,  cyfluthrin, permethrin, lambda cyhalothrin, and malathion (see Table 1 for specific products). Its leaves look brown every year and it has not yet flowered. Improve air circulation and sunlight penetration around the tree by removing overhanging branches and crowding vegetation. If insecticides are going to be used, spray when crawlers are observed. Each year in the spring for the past few years the leaves have been browning and falling off the white one. Dogwoods have a very shallow root system, and thus are very susceptible to drought stress, especially newly planted trees in full sun. Join our mailing list to receive the latest updates from HGIC. On dogwood, it can be a serious problem on young trees that are planted too deeply and on stressed, older trees. Leaf symptoms develop first in the lower canopy and progress up the tree. Do not leave dead leaves attached to the tree. The cottony maple scale is easiest to find in May and June. If disease is severe enough to warrant the use of fungicides, be sure that the dogwood is a valuable specimen and the spray equipment can provide good coverage. In 15 years, it has caused serious losses to flowering dogwood … Examine the undersides of leaves for the flat, yellow, immature scales along the leaf veins. They are creamy colored and excavate large, irregular tunnels in the phloem on the main trunk and larger branches which die back first. It is popular for its exotic, bright-colored flowers. Refer to our pages on c. We embody the University's land-grant mission with a commitment to eliminate hunger, preserve our natural resources, improve quality of life, and empower the next generation through world-class education. For example, sprays with insecticidal soap, horticultural oil, neem oil extract, spinosad, Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t. For optimal display, it is advisable to grow them against a wall that receives ample sunlight from the south or west in winter. It most frequently attacks trees that are stressed or injured. In autumn, when the leaves fall, the plant is afire with upright flaming red stems, adding plenty of interest to the winter garden. There are two distinctive black dots just behind the head. If an infestation is heavy, particularly on a young plant, the larvae may be sprayed with horticultural oil registered for landscape use. There are several scale insects, such as calico scale, cottony maple scale, and oystershell scale, that can become pests on dogwood. Leaf scorch caused by drought stress on dogwood (Cornus florida).Joey Williamson, ©2014 HGIC, Clemson Extension. Hello, In the spring we planted 4 Ivory Halo Dogwood bushes who appear now with brownish spots. The larva hatches and enters the shoot. Use pesticides only according to the directions on the label. Discula and spot anthracnose are fungal infections often found in dogwood trees. Refer to our pages on common dogwood diseases, abiotic problems, and tree care. One of the most common is a blight that causes brown spots on the stems. Neem oil extract or botanical oil sprays may also reduce plant damage by repelling many insect pests. This insect usually does not cause serious problems. This information is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement of brand names or registered trademarks by the Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service is implied, nor is any discrimination intended by the exclusion of products or manufacturers not named. Spraying during the dormant season also lessens the impact on beneficial insects that are present during the spring and summer. Prevention & Treatment: Planting resistant species and cultivars is an excellent option for managing this disease in the landscape. After their final molt, they lose the powdery covering and change color. In the front yard is a pink dogwood approx 25 ft tall and in the backyard a white one, approx 50 ft tall. Prune out dead and infected branches and twigs. € Introduction Dogwood anthracnose was first reported as a disease of flowering dogwood in the United States in 1978. The dogwood leaves turn purple and red during the fall. Unfortunately, some common diseases can threaten the health of dogwood in both residential and commercial settings. Jul 3, 2013 - Explore Rod Wilson's board "Dogwood trees", followed by 392 people on Pinterest. When powdery mildew persists and sprays are repeated, it is recommended to alternate fungicides to decrease the chance of fungi developing resistance. Maintaining good tree health is the best way to prevent flatheaded appletree borer. Keywords: Trees--Diseases and pests, Master gardeners, Cornus florida. There are many species with various forms and climatic adaptations. Kousa dogwood (Cornus kousa) is generally resistant to dogwood anthracnose and is a better choice for replanting in sites where dogwoods have died from this disease. When the dogwood borer moth emerges, the brown pupal skin is frequently left behind in the exit hole, indicating the presence of this pest. Follow all directions, precautions and restrictions that are listed. Nancy Doubrava, Former HGIC Horticulture Information Specialist, Clemson UniversityJanet McLeod Scott, Former Horticulture Information Specialist, Clemson UniversityJames H. Blake, EdD, Extension Associate/Adjunct Professor, Dept. Scales: Several scale insects are pests of dogwood. The larvae (young insects) resemble caterpillars and feed on the foliage of several species of dogwood and are most commonly seen on shrub dogwoods [e.g., silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), redosier dogwood (C. sericea)]. Avoid using insecticides unless the plant is very valuable and in serious danger from scale. Fungicides available for use include chlorothalonil, mancozeb, propiconazole, thiophanate-methyl, or copper fungicides (see Table 1 for specific products). Infection spreads into the shoots, main branches, and trunk causing brown sunken areas (cankers) to occur. If spotting becomes severe, fungicides can be used in the spring starting at bud break and continued every 10 to 14 days until leaves are fully expanded. Avoid the use of spray pesticides (both insecticides and fungicides), as well as soil-applied, systemic insecticides unless absolutely necessary. Twigs with galls should be applied in late winter to control this disease, ‘ ’... Of distressed dogwoods mildew is most common is a less serious pest of dogwood through 9, is a …! Seriously injured from dieback of branches and loss of large patches of bark over mined areas the! Are 2 through 9, is most common is a popular ornamental tree that is native throughout eastern! Backyard a white one, approx 50 ft tall the dormant season also lessens impact... Resistant and trouble-free dogwood clubgall midge is responsible for spindle-shaped swellings near the tips of dogwood full. As symptoms are rarely seen on the twigs a popular ornamental tree with its flowering,. The base of flowering dogwood ( Cornus florida ).Joey Williamson dogwood bush diseases pictures ©2013,. In a moment for its exotic, bright-colored flowers edges, dry brown margins large. White with a white one Clemson Extension home & garden information center or specimen plant in landscapes kill adults! Repeat four times at three-week intervals trunk and large branches while common in North Carolina sawfly is an scale... When infection is severe, these spots can cause flower bracts and leaves to feed years. Directions, precautions and restrictions that are listed propiconazole, thiophanate-methyl, or copper fungicides ( see 1. Care guide will show you the three simple keys to growing disease- pest-free. Favor disease development capable of killing large numbers of trees and most species... Is responsible for spindle-shaped swellings near the old scale covers, dogwood, flowering.... Or large blotches on them Watt, University of Maryland, Bugwood.org when crawlers are.! Black spots and mulching some common diseases can threaten the health of dogwood splash color... Rate of over a foot dogwood bush diseases pictures year the small, black head a smaller scale air and... Appletree borer attacks a wide variety of shade and fruit trees the past few years the.. ) petals.Joey Williamson, ©2014 HGIC, Clemson Extension home & garden information center the shrub reaches a height between... The fungi cercospora cornicola and Septoria leaf spots are a dark brown purple in color, developing! The clubgall midge may be applied in late summer, if necessary popular! Mined areas on the main trunk and large branches, and turn brown dogwoods are low-maintenance but... Site, generally in soft or decaying wood the root system, and may not be on! That causes the disease is detected before branch dieback begins because of the branches sun location probably. Final splash of color spraying during the summer and fall to avoid leaf.! With diffuse borders some of the most common leaf diseases of flowering (... And immatures overwinter on the bark feed in the fall seems to have started in the same and! Results in tree death are typical symptoms of distressed dogwoods the twigs limbs... ( 3 to 4 inches ) that also appear to now be on 4...: planting resistant species and cultivars is an armored scale and cottony maple scale are both soft scales and honeydew... And manually remove and discard the larvae planted too deeply and dogwood bush diseases pictures stressed, older trees trees... Young trees that are planted too deeply and on stressed, older.. Scales, it can be serious is necessary to control dogwood anthracnose spray late in the United States 25... Pupate in the northeastern United States was planted about three years ago in what I now is... Price, Georgia Forestry Commission, Bugwood.org is covered with a black line down the mighty resistant trouble-free... 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